LatestCoverageAll 50 states, D.C. and five territories now on the ledger|NewPuerto Rico's 78 municipios ledgered, municipio by municipio|FeatureAssessment appeal workspace — build a filing package from your own evidence|FeatureLiving reports — versioned, re-runnable, exportable|DevelopersMetered REST gateway · issued keys · signed webhooks|Live market readings · refreshed on loadAlbuquerque · NMMedian List$360K+1.3%|Austin · TXMedian List$290K-3.5%|Baltimore · MDMedian List$265K+1.1%|Bernalillo County · NMMedian List$364K+2.7%|Bexar County · TXMedian List$303K+3.7%|Boston · MAMedian List$875K+6.1%|Charlotte · NCMedian List$402K+1.2%|Chicago · ILMedian List$410K+7.8%|Clark County · NVMedian List$447K+0.1%|Columbus · OHMedian List$300K+0.7%|Cook County · ILMedian List$348K+5.1%|Dallas · TXMedian List$412K+3.4%|Davidson County · TNMedian List$465K-1.1%|Denver · COMedian List$618K+5.0%|Detroit · MIMedian List$321K-2.7%|Duval County · FLMedian List$312K-1.4%|El Paso · TXMedian List$301K+11.1%|Fort Worth · TXMedian List$330K-1.5%|Franklin County · OHMedian List$301K+0.1%|Fresno · CAMedian List$375K+2.1%|Harris County · TXMedian List$327K+0.6%|Houston · TXMedian List$325K-2.3%|Indianapolis · INMedian List$250K+2.7%|Jackson County · MOMedian List$275K+7.0%|Jacksonville · FLMedian List$312K-1.4%|Jefferson County · KYMedian List$248K-4.3%|Kansas City · MOMedian List$310K+3.1%|King County · WAMedian List$850K-4.0%|Las Vegas · NVMedian List$450K+1.1%|Los Angeles · CAMedian List$1M-1.7%|Louisville · KYMedian List$280K+1.8%|Maricopa County · AZMedian List$458K-0.4%|Marion County · INMedian List$259K+3.7%|Mecklenburg County · NCMedian List$407K-5.3%|Memphis · TNMedian List$209K+4.7%|Mesa · AZMedian List$490K-0.9%|Milwaukee · WIMedian List$245K+2.7%|Multnomah County · ORMedian List$518K-1.2%|Nashville · TNMedian List$495K+3.1%|New York · NYMedian List$885K+8.7%|Oklahoma City · OKMedian List$275K-0.4%|Oklahoma County · OKMedian List$259K-0.7%|Philadelphia · PAMedian List$279K+4.6%|Phoenix · AZMedian List$452K+0.5%|Pima County · AZMedian List$373K+0.9%|Portland · ORMedian List$518K-2.2%|Sacramento · CAMedian List$510K+4.0%|San Antonio · TXMedian List$257K-2.9%|San Diego · CAMedian List$910K+1.1%|San Francisco · CAMedian List$1.6M+14.9%|San Jose · CAMedian List$1.6M-5.9%|Santa Clara County · CAMedian List$1.3M+0.1%|Seattle · WAMedian List$844K+1.2%|Shelby County · TNMedian List$250K-2.8%|Suffolk County · MAMedian List$857K+7.3%|Tarrant County · TXMedian List$385K-1.2%|Travis County · TXMedian List$497K-5.3%|Tucson · AZMedian List$324K-0.9%|Wayne County · MIMedian List$160K0.0%|LatestCoverageAll 50 states, D.C. and five territories now on the ledger|NewPuerto Rico's 78 municipios ledgered, municipio by municipio|FeatureAssessment appeal workspace — build a filing package from your own evidence|FeatureLiving reports — versioned, re-runnable, exportable|DevelopersMetered REST gateway · issued keys · signed webhooks|Live market readings · refreshed on loadAlbuquerque · NMMedian List$360K+1.3%|Austin · TXMedian List$290K-3.5%|Baltimore · MDMedian List$265K+1.1%|Bernalillo County · NMMedian List$364K+2.7%|Bexar County · TXMedian List$303K+3.7%|Boston · MAMedian List$875K+6.1%|Charlotte · NCMedian List$402K+1.2%|Chicago · ILMedian List$410K+7.8%|Clark County · NVMedian List$447K+0.1%|Columbus · OHMedian List$300K+0.7%|Cook County · ILMedian List$348K+5.1%|Dallas · TXMedian List$412K+3.4%|Davidson County · TNMedian List$465K-1.1%|Denver · COMedian List$618K+5.0%|Detroit · MIMedian List$321K-2.7%|Duval County · FLMedian List$312K-1.4%|El Paso · TXMedian List$301K+11.1%|Fort Worth · TXMedian List$330K-1.5%|Franklin County · OHMedian List$301K+0.1%|Fresno · CAMedian List$375K+2.1%|Harris County · TXMedian List$327K+0.6%|Houston · TXMedian List$325K-2.3%|Indianapolis · INMedian List$250K+2.7%|Jackson County · MOMedian List$275K+7.0%|Jacksonville · FLMedian List$312K-1.4%|Jefferson County · KYMedian List$248K-4.3%|Kansas City · MOMedian List$310K+3.1%|King County · WAMedian List$850K-4.0%|Las Vegas · NVMedian List$450K+1.1%|Los Angeles · CAMedian List$1M-1.7%|Louisville · KYMedian List$280K+1.8%|Maricopa County · AZMedian List$458K-0.4%|Marion County · INMedian List$259K+3.7%|Mecklenburg County · NCMedian List$407K-5.3%|Memphis · TNMedian List$209K+4.7%|Mesa · AZMedian List$490K-0.9%|Milwaukee · WIMedian List$245K+2.7%|Multnomah County · ORMedian List$518K-1.2%|Nashville · TNMedian List$495K+3.1%|New York · NYMedian List$885K+8.7%|Oklahoma City · OKMedian List$275K-0.4%|Oklahoma County · OKMedian List$259K-0.7%|Philadelphia · PAMedian List$279K+4.6%|Phoenix · AZMedian List$452K+0.5%|Pima County · AZMedian List$373K+0.9%|Portland · ORMedian List$518K-2.2%|Sacramento · CAMedian List$510K+4.0%|San Antonio · TXMedian List$257K-2.9%|San Diego · CAMedian List$910K+1.1%|San Francisco · CAMedian List$1.6M+14.9%|San Jose · CAMedian List$1.6M-5.9%|Santa Clara County · CAMedian List$1.3M+0.1%|Seattle · WAMedian List$844K+1.2%|Shelby County · TNMedian List$250K-2.8%|Suffolk County · MAMedian List$857K+7.3%|Tarrant County · TXMedian List$385K-1.2%|Travis County · TXMedian List$497K-5.3%|Tucson · AZMedian List$324K-0.9%|Wayne County · MIMedian List$160K0.0%|
Property-class scope

The story of this market

The typical home in Madison County, Iowa sells for about $294,000, or $182 per square foot.

Prices are up +25.6% from a year ago, so sellers still have some momentum. Homes take about 69 days to sell, which is slow. Over the long run, values in this county have grown 123% since 2000. The biggest natural hazard here is drought, which FEMA rates very high. HUD's fair market rent for a two-bedroom is $1,360 a month.

HUD sets the fair market rent for a 2-bedroom at $1,360 a month. FEMA's National Risk Index rates overall hazard risk here as Relatively Moderate.

Price climate

Every year of price change, 2000–2025

-1.3%

2025

200020132025

Each stripe is one year's median price change across the area's census tracts (FHFA repeat-sales index). Deep blue is a strong gain year, red a falling year. Best: 2022 (+17.3%). Worst: 2011 (-3.3%). Hover to read a year.

Monthly price momentum

Home values since 2015

+1.5%

IA · past 12 months

IA 180.8USA 208.1
20152017201920212023202595125155213.5

Freddie Mac House Price Index, single-family homes, monthly through 2026-08. Each line starts at 100 in January 2015, so a reading of 180 means prices are up 80% since then.

Rent benchmark

Fair market rent by size

$1,856

3-bed / month

$1,102
Studio
$1,145
1 bed
$1,360
2 bed
$1,856
3 bed
$1,901
4 bed
Gross rental yield · 3-bed rent × 12 ÷ $294,0007.6%

HUD Fair Market Rents, fiscal 2027, for this county. A typical rent for a modest unit, used to set housing-voucher payments.

Neighborhood price trend

Long-run price trend, 2000–2025

-1.3%

2025 change

200020052010201520202025-6%0%6%12%18%

FHFA repeat-sales index, median of 4 census tracts in this county (2000 = 100). Bars are each year's median change.

Natural hazard exposure

The area's risk shape

69

Relatively Moderate

DroughtStrong windLandslideHailWinter weatherTornadoIce stormWildfire

FEMA National Risk Index. Each spoke is a hazard ranked nationally, where 100 is the most exposed. Expected annual loss: $10,265,008.

Mortgage activity

Home lending in this county

86.6%

2019 approval rate

YearApplicationsLoans madeApprovalInvestor shareMedian home value
2018102163983.2%5.1%$215,000
20191061▲667▲86.6%▲5.4%▲$315,000▲

CFPB Home Mortgage Disclosure Act records: every mortgage application reported by lenders for homes in this county. Approval rate is approved ÷ decided (withdrawn and incomplete files excluded). Investor share and home value are the median census tract.

County intel report · monthly refresh cycle
Track this county

Madison County, Iowa

Des Moines market · minorrefreshed Sep 13, 2026, 6:49 PMnext refresh due Nov 12, 2026
Market sentiment: cautiously optimistic

Madison County's housing market displays stable demand driven by exurban buyers seeking larger lot acreages and small-town living within commuting distance of West Des Moines. Inventory has moderately broadened, offering buyers more negotiation room while keeping median pricing resilient.

No ARED distress-ledger coverage for this county yet — the foreclosure ingest rotates the national county directory, and filings appear here once the county's posted notices are read. Key-figure check: no independent anchor retained yet — first-researched cycles establish the anchor baseline this pass.

The data chain · drill up or downproperty → ZIP → city → county → state
Iowa state →Des Moines market →Madison County

Select a city to expand its ZIP intel reports beneath · 8 cities · 11 ZIP reports

Latest readings
Median sale price
$294,000
Divergent · 13.6% from published 2025 series — validation case open, publishes pending verdict
Median price / sq ft
$182
Median days on market
69
Active listings
152
Listings with price cuts
21.4%
Median price change YoY
+25.6%
Closed sales (monthly)
28
Months of supply
4.1
Sale-to-list ratio
97.8%
Median asking rent
$1,150/mo
Population
16,971
Median household income
$85,116
Avg effective property tax rate
1.39%
County Market ScoreZIP-SCORE-1.3 · 4/4 sections graded
71
Composite · average of graded sections
Computed only from this report's published readings — sections without data are excluded, never estimated.
47
Growth/100

Median prices moved down 0.6% year over year.

69
Liquidity/100

Homes spend a median of 57 days on market with 3.0 months of supply — a fast-moving market.

72
Momentum/100

17% of listings have cut prices · homes sell at 98.83% of asking — demand is running ahead of supply.

96
Safety & stability/100

no recorded foreclosure-ledger notices (0.0 per 10,000 residents) · unemployment 2.5% · poverty 6.1% — a stable, low-distress profile.

Immigration & foreign-bornU.S. Census Bureau ACS · county granular
Foreign-born share
1.8%
Foreign-born residents
301
Naturalized (of foreign-born)
81.7%
Non-citizens (of population)
0.3%
Entered 2010 or later (of foreign-born)
33.9%
World region of birth (foreign-born)
Americas
47.2%
Europe
34.2%
Asia
18.6%

ACS 2024 5-year estimates. Aggregate published statistics for this county — never individual records, and never an attribute of any individual property or resident.

Deterministic roll-up
4 of 11 ZIP reports contributed
Median sale price
$317,478
Median price / sq ft
$225
Median days on market
56.52
Active listings
8,340
Listings with price cuts
16.7%
Median price change YoY
-0.58%
Closed sales (monthly)
3,130
Months of supply
3.04
Sale-to-list ratio
98.83%
Median asking rent
$999/mo
Population
10,304
Median household income
$64,476

Deterministic aggregate of 4 researched ZIP reports of 11 — sales_count-weighted (population fallback); per point, children lacking the value or its weight are excluded. Tax rates, sentiment and context notes are tier-native and never roll.

Median home value · ten-year trajectory & projection

Madison County, Iowa — researched county-level history with a deterministic 1 / 3 / 5-year projection

2016201720182019202020212022202320242025202620282030$160,000$240,000$320,000$400,000$480,000

Solid: researched ten-year history · dotted: 1 / 3 / 5-year projection extended from the historical 7.0%/yr trend — a deterministic estimate, not a published forecast or guarantee.

Property base layer · rolled up from researched properties

No researched properties in this county yet — the property base layer populates as property research runs, and each property feeds its ZIP's roll-up.

ZIP roster · every intel report in the county11 of 11 ZIPs researched
Sort
50033Bevington
Median price
$216,870
$/sqft
$194
Trend YoY
+0.9%
Days on mkt
29
Sale-to-list
—
Price cuts
—
Supply (mo)
—
Listings
1,422
Median rent
$1,050

researched Sep 27

50061Cumming
Median price
$308,500
$/sqft
$229
Trend YoY
+1%
Days on mkt
57
Sale-to-list
98.9%
Price cuts
19%
Supply (mo)
4.1
Listings
3,361
Median rent
$1,163

researched Sep 27

50072Earlham
Median price
$375,000
$/sqft
$185
Trend YoY
+2.1%
Days on mkt
62
Sale-to-list
97.2%
Price cuts
12%
Supply (mo)
6.5
Listings
48
Median rent
$784

researched Sep 27

50149Lacona
Median price
$230,000
$/sqft
$206
Trend YoY
+2.2%
Days on mkt
53
Sale-to-list
98.9%
Price cuts
18%
Supply (mo)
1.8
Listings
1,422
Median rent
$836

researched Sep 27

50155Macksburg
Median price
$308,500
$/sqft
$229
Trend YoY
+1%
Days on mkt
57
Sale-to-list
98.9%
Price cuts
19%
Supply (mo)
3.6
Listings
3,361
Median rent
$794

researched Sep 27

50218Patterson
Median price
$230,000
$/sqft
$206
Trend YoY
+2.2%
Days on mkt
53
Sale-to-list
100%
Price cuts
—
Supply (mo)
3.6
Listings
1,422
Median rent
$1,050

researched Sep 27

50222East Peru
Median price
$308,500
$/sqft
$229
Trend YoY
+1%
Days on mkt
57
Sale-to-list
98.9%
Price cuts
19%
Supply (mo)
2.9
Listings
3,361
Median rent
$850

researched Sep 27

50240Saint Charles
Median price
$308,500
$/sqft
$229
Trend YoY
+1%
Days on mkt
57
Sale-to-list
98.9%
Price cuts
19%
Supply (mo)
3.4
Listings
3,361
Median rent
$855

researched Sep 27

50257Truro
Median price
$249,999
$/sqft
$165
Trend YoY
+0.9%
Days on mkt
57
Sale-to-list
98.5%
Price cuts
19%
Supply (mo)
6.2
Listings
196
Median rent
$1,063

researched Sep 27

50261Van Meter
Median price
$362,233
$/sqft
$257
Trend YoY
-0.9%
Days on mkt
184
Sale-to-list
98.9%
Price cuts
19%
Supply (mo)
11.4
Listings
91
Median rent
$1,069

researched Sep 27

Figures are each ZIP report's own latest research — the county roll-up aggregates them sales_count-weighted (population fallback); ZIPs cycle quarterly.

Page 1 of 2
Area context
Crime & safety

Madison County records violent and property crime rates substantially below both Iowa and national benchmarks. Public safety incidents are primarily non-violent property or traffic offenses typical of low-density rural and exurban settings.

Schools & education

Winterset Community School District and Earlham Community School District serve as the primary public school systems, both consistently posting graduation rates near or above 95% and above-average state standardized testing proficiency.

Environmental & hazard

Flood risk is localized mainly along the Middle River and North River basins, while severe convective spring and summer storms present the dominant wind and hail threats. Wildfire risk is low, and residential property insurance availability remains intact across the county.

Growth & development

Economic activity is anchored by healthcare, local school administration, agriculture, and heritage tourism centered on Winterset's historic covered bridges. Exurban commuter growth continues along the northern and eastern borders linking to the Des Moines metro via US-169 and Iowa-92.

Taxation

Composed from the ARED governance burden registry — tier-native tax structure (state + county + city + special districts), never averaged. Federal (United States (federal)) — Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) Superfund Liens: Establishes a statutory federal lien upon the parcel running in favor of the United States for all unrecovered cleanup costs, damages, and statutory interest incurred by the EPA. Rate and formula: Direct Dollar-for-Dollar Reimbursement (Lien Amount = Incurred Response Costs + Administrative Costs + Federal (United States (federal)) — Foreign Investment in Real Property Tax Act (FIRPTA) Withholding: Imposes an affirmative withholding tax obligation on the transferee (buyer) to withhold and remit tax on the gross amount realized (gross sales price). The statutory base withholding rate is 15% of the total purchase price (Formula: Tax = Amount Realized × 15%). Exemptions and reductions: (1) 0% wit Federal (United States (federal)) — Federal General Tax Lien Encumbrance: Under IRC § 6321, a statutory lien arises automatically as of the date of assessment and attaches to all real property owned or acquired by the taxpayer.

Economy & employers

The economy balances rural agribusiness, manufacturing, education, and healthcare with a growing exurban workforce commuting into Polk and Dallas counties. Tourism related to historic attractions and covered bridges provides substantial seasonal retail and hospitality support.

Transportation & infrastructure

Private vehicle travel predominates; major arterial routes include US Highway 169 running north-south toward I-80 and Iowa Highway 92 running east-west toward Indianola and Des Moines. Madison County Transit / HIRTA provides regional on-demand rural public transit service.

Development pipeline

Development plans prioritize preserving agricultural continuity while accommodating low-density rural residential acreage development and orderly edge expansions around Winterset and Earlham.

County appraisal district

The Madison County Assessor assesses all taxable real estate biennially on odd-numbered years at market value, with state rollback formulas adjusting taxable values against statutory growth limits.

Special districts

Special taxing authorities include local school districts (Winterset, Earlham, Interstate 35), rural emergency/fire protection districts, Area Education Agencies, and community college service regions (DMACC).

Insurance & hazard market

Property insurance rates have faced mild to moderate upward pressure consistent with regional Midwestern severe convective storm, hail, and derechoid weather events, but underwriting availability remains standard.

Major amenities · Madison County, Iowa
Theme, amusement & water parks
15 · 30 mi
Entertainment venues, stadiums & amphitheaters
13 · 30 mi
Museums, galleries & history
19 · 30 mi
Parks, trails & nature
5 · 20 mi
Lakes, marinas & beaches
1 · 30 mi
Shopping & dining districts
1 · 20 mi
Airports
1 · 31 mi

Theme parks, venues, golf, airports, museums, water and shopping across the area ranked by popularity within the radius shown.

Amenities & attractions4 retained amenities · 2 developments on the horizon

The amenity base that shapes daily life and property demand in this county — what residents actually live with, and what the pipeline is adding.

Inside this county
Covered Bridges of Madison County
Historic Landmark / Park

Six surviving historic covered bridges dating from the late 19th century that attract extensive regional and national heritage tourism.

Winterset City Park & Clark Tower
Public Park & Landmark

76-acre historic municipal park featuring a native limestone castle-like monument, nature trails, and picnic shelters.

Pammel State Park
State Park

State recreation area along the Middle River offering camping, limestone bluffs, and the unique Harmon Tunnel.

John Wayne Birthplace Museum
Museum & Cultural Attraction

Dedicated museum and historic birthplace site of actor John Wayne located in central Winterset.

On the horizon · announced & under construction
US Highway 169 Corridor ImprovementsTransportation InfrastructureIn ProgressOngoing state and county road and safety resurfacing upgrades connecting Winterset northward to Interstate 80 and the Des Moines metropolitan edge.
Winterset Residential Infill & Acreage SubdivisionsResidential Mixed DevelopmentUnder ConstructionPhased single-family home subdivisions and rural residential lot developments expanding along northern periphery arterials.
Discovery profileACS 2019-2023 5-year estimates
Census profile · Madison County, Iowa
Population
16,971
Median age
40.8 yrs
Owner-occupancy
81.6%
Median home value
$242,700
Median gross rent
$878
Median household income
$85,116
Median year built
1978
Vacancy rate
6.8%
Renter share
18.4%
Owner cost burden
16.9%
Renter cost burden
39.5%
Population change
+8.3%
Net migration
214
Work-from-home share
11.2%
Mean commute
27.6 min
Bachelor's or higher
29.8%
Unemployment
2.5%
Poverty rate
6.1%
Avg household size
2.57
White alone (non-Hispanic)
94.2%
Hispanic or Latino
2.6%
Two or more races
2.1%
Black or African American
0.4%
Asian alone
0.4%
Other
0.3%

Data retrieved from U.S. Census Bureau ACS 5-Year Estimates profile for Madison County, IA.

School districts
Winterset Community School DistrictAcceptable / CommendableLargest district in the county serving Winterset and surrounding rural areas with four primary facilities.
Earlham Community School DistrictHigh PerformingServes northern Madison County with unified campus facilities and strong graduation rates.
Interstate 35 Community School DistrictAcceptableServes eastern and southeastern portions of the county near Truro and St. Charles.
Major employers & industries
Madison County Memorial HospitalHealthcareCritical-access hospital and clinics employing over 200 staff
Winterset Community School DistrictEducationApproximately 250 teachers and support personnel
Madison County GovernmentPublic AdministrationCounty administration, secondary roads, and law enforcement
Agriland FSAgriculture & SupplyHeadquartered regional agricultural cooperative
Sources · 5 cited
County city board · values & trends by city8 cities · 11 ZIP reports
Winterset
Median price$350,000
Price trend-2.6% YoY
Days on market57 med
Median rent$1,142
Population8,950
Active listings3,361
1 of 1 ZIP researched — figures roll up from member ZIP reports
Earlham
Median price$375,000
Price trend+2.1% YoY
Days on market62 med
Median rent$784
Population2,979
Active listings48
1 of 1 ZIP researched — figures roll up from member ZIP reports
Saint Charles
Median price$308,500
Price trend+1% YoY
Days on market57 med
Median rent$855
Population2,393
Active listings3,361
1 of 1 ZIP researched — figures roll up from member ZIP reports
Truro
Median price$249,999
Price trend+0.9% YoY
Days on market57 med
Median rent$1,063
Population914
Active listings196
1 of 1 ZIP researched — figures roll up from member ZIP reports
Median price$221,201
Price trend+1.3% YoY
Days on market37 med
Median rent$1,050
Population358
Active listings2,844
City market sentiment: neutral
2 of 2 ZIPs researched — figures roll up from member ZIP reports
Patterson
Median price$230,000
Price trend+2.2% YoY
Days on market53 med
Median rent$1,050
Population346
Active listings1,422
1 of 1 ZIP researched — figures roll up from member ZIP reports
East Peru
Median price$308,500
Price trend+1% YoY
Days on market57 med
Median rent$850
Population328
Active listings3,361
1 of 1 ZIP researched — figures roll up from member ZIP reports
Macksburg
Median price$308,500
Price trend+1% YoY
Days on market57 med
Median rent$794
Population94
Active listings3,361
1 of 1 ZIP researched — figures roll up from member ZIP reports
Unincorporated & unassigned
Median price$277,676
Price trend+1.5% YoY
Days on market56 med
Median rent$1,033
Population6,405
Active listings4,874
3 of 3 ZIPs researched — figures roll up from member ZIP reports
Jurisdictional burden contextburdens registered for this geography · most-local first
State · Iowa
Judicial Foreclosure DoctrineForeclosure doctrineBinds every parcel

Iowa generally requires judicial foreclosure proceedings. Borrowers are entitled to a notice of right to cure default prior to the initiation of foreclosure actions. Redemption rights exist post-sale unless specific statutory exceptions (such as foreclosure without redemption for nonagricultural land) are met.

Iowa Code Chapter 654

Homestead ExemptionLand use & zoningConditional

applies when — Property must be occupied as the owner's homestead

Provides legal protections for the homestead property, including specific exemptions from judicial sale for debts, as defined under state law.

Iowa Code Chapter 561

Iowa Property Tax Assessment LimitationTaxationBinds every parcel

The taxable value is determined by applying an assessment limitation (rollback) to the assessed market value. The limitation is calculated annually to restrict the growth in aggregate taxable value for the residential class to 3% statewide.

Iowa Code Chapter 441; Iowa Department of Revenue Property Tax Overview

≈ $8,820/yr on a $294,000 median

Governance registry — every jurisdiction re-researches on a rolling 90-day cycle. Property reports compose these inherited burdens into a per-parcel ledger with conditional determinations. Informational only — not legal advice.